Disinfection and particle removal by a nature-based Daphnia filtration system for wastewater treatment

Nature-based solutions (NBS) to treat wastewater are ecological treatments that work mitigate the impact of conventional systems in treatment processes. In this study, efficiency an innovative tertiary based on Daphnia filtration removing suspended solids and E. coli is evaluated combination with either vermifiltration or secondary treatments. NBS was found increase particle removal inactivation over a wide range water temperatures, solar radiation intensities, hydraulic residence times. Moreover, two models predict quality treated wastewater, one describes particles another for inactivation, developed presented here. Both depend temperature, exposure time reactor. The results using these align experimental all cases. Hydraulic times above 24 h allowed concentrations be reduced by >75 % temperatures 10 °C 27 inactivated 1–3 log units temperature ranging from 8 °C. can also used provide information regarding operating conditions (i.e. times) required obtain desired regenerated accordance reuse purposes regulations different countries.